Paper Abstracts

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LAMPE, Frederick (Fritz) (NAU) To Climate Change and Beyond: Applying Religion to the Mix. Climate change represents one of biggest challenges today. Discussions about its challenge to contemporary communities often invoke political, economic, and existential domains, yet seldom mentioned is the domain of religion. This paper invites practitioners, policy makers, and community members to apply approaches that take seriously the complexity of competing cosmologies when thinking about climate change. Anthropological approaches to religion inform the challenge of a changing climate, those impacted by it, those contributing to it, and the challenges inherent in potential responses. Applying the domain of religion to the challenges of communities facing climate change brings complexity to the conversation that will prove helpful in time. (F-131) 

LAMPMAN, Aaron (Washington Coll) and CASAGRANDE, David (Lehigh U) Social and Cultural Barriers to Climate-Induced Relocation on the Chesapeake. Predictions of relative sea-level rise on the Eastern Shore of Maryland indicate catastrophic land loss over the next 50 years, but have not promoted serious thought about relocation. Analysis of 65 semi-structured interviews conducted over two years indicate that there are social, cultural and economic barriers to relocation, despite increasingly dangerous impacts of climate change in the region. This paper examines how social institutions and widely shared narratives of heritage and identity frame discussion of climate change, sea-level rise and solutions. alampman2@washcoll.edu (TH-95) 

LANE, Rebecca (Marine Corps U) Family Planning and the Subversive Enactment of Biological Citizenship by Latina Immigrants. Reports that Hispanic birthrates in the U.S. have dropped drastically in the past several years have brought underlying notions about Latina fertility to the surface. Although vitriol about “anchor babies” still rings loud and clear, the drop in Hispanic birthrates has precipitated rhetoric that reveals disappointment at the fact that supposedly “hyperfertile” Latinas will not bring youth, labor, and votes to a rapidly aging nation. Using data from interviews with 56 Latina immigrants, I argue that Latinas’ decisions to limit their family size is a result of the precarious position they are in and a subversive enactment of biological citizenship. relane83@gmail.com (TH-153)

LANE, Sandra D. and RUBINSTEIN, Robert A. (Syracuse U) Integrating Anthropology into Health Professional Education. Five educational institutions in Upstate New York formed the Route 90 Collaborative, to implement the National Academies Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. The Framework emphasizes strong coordination with communities experiencing health injustice, focus on the social determinants of health, and teaching students to take action. We present the curricular strategies and evaluations of two courses based on the Framework: 1) linking anthropology and public health students with medical students who together conduct home visits to refugee families and 2) bringing future therapists to the community hard hit by violence. sdlane@syr.edu (F-135) 

LANG-BALDE, Rachel (Independent) “I want my story to be heard”: Digital Stories of Women Facing Obstetric Fistula. This paper discusses how participant narratives were validated and shared using a visual participatory format. In particular, the narratives came from women, birth providers, and community-level health supports that were recorded and analyzed during Fulbright-funded dissertation research on cultural beliefs’ influence on the birth process. From this data emerged rich and poignant narratives of women who faced life with the complications of obstetric fistula. Can the use of visual participatory methods (in this case, digital stories) honor and communicate the women’s individual lived experiences, increase awareness, and support dissemination with key stakeholders? LangBaldePhD@gmail.com (W-15)​​​​​​​ 

LANZAS, Gisela (CSUN) Water and Power: The Case of the Panama Canal. Access to clean water is one of the main problems of the 21st century. In political ecology, the discussion on water has moved from the technical context to the political and socio-economical contexts in which water management takes place. My intention in this article, which is exploratory and quite incomplete, is to use the Panamanian water provision struggles to lay out some of the key issues that it highlights about the nature of global transportation, neoliberalism, and the experiences of urban working-class neighborhoods in Panama. This presentation seeks to provide preliminary information on a project that is currently underway. gisela.lanzas@csun.edu (S-36)​​​​​​​ 

LARKIN, Lance (Construction Engineering Rsch Lab) “That machine won’t hit me”: Measuring Social Links between Autonomous Vehicles and Humans on Military Bases. Following a 90-day pilot of a self-driving shuttle on a Washington DC joint military base, this paper examines the social dimensions of driving, and the (non-)acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AV) in the current U.S. governmental zeitgeist. Despite a crackdown by law-makers since two highly publicized crashes by AV in 2018, producers of these vehicles find pseudo-public locations that are semi-sovereign from state laws to test self-driving cars. At our pilot, we observed how drivers broke laws to avoid getting slowed down by the vehicle, while shuttle passengers embraced the new technology, and safety stewards acted as the machine’s social conscience. lance.l.larkin@usace.army.mil (TH-127)​​​​​​​ 

LASKA, Shirley (Lowlander Ctr) and COMPANION, Michele (UCCS) The Social Justice Issues of Climate Change Conditions That ‘Never Happened Before.’ The cases presented as data to demonstrate the social justice issues: 1) Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana “first climate change migrants,” 2) Coastal LA/MS seafood harvesters sustaining livelihoods during 2019 longest and largest Miss. River diversion to avoid flooding New Orleans, 3) Evacuation-challenged residents of New Orleans dealing with National Hurricane Center’s new inundation modeling challenged by not forecasting when the New Orleans levees would be overtopped, 4) Overtopping of Mississippi River levees at New Orleans with a coastal storm inundation during concurrent extreme high river flood stage (such as by Hurricane Barry). slaska@uno.edu (F-41)

LE ROUX-KEMP, Andra (U Lincoln) Localised Legal Responses to Vaccine Hesitancy: A Contextual Overview. The law plays a vital role in promoting and regulating public health, which is premised on the responsibility of the state for the collective health and well-being of its citizenry. Yet, despite its altruistic aim, public health law often involves a perennial balancing act between public well-being and individual liberties. In fact, harmonising individual rights and public benefit in the context of vaccine hesitancy, is particularly fraught. This paper provides a contextualised overview of localised legal responses (or lack thereof) to vaccine hesitancy. In tracing these local contours, it will be shown how local realities leak into global implications, and call for international action. ALeRouxKemp@lincoln.ac.uk (TH-38)

LECLERE, Christopher (UFL) A New Type of Irish Coffee: Shifting Social Space from the Public House to the Coffeehouse. Although specialty coffee has been in Northern Ireland for less than 10 years, there are already several hundred coffeehouses across the six counties. In a nation where pubs are the center of social space, a new study found that for every bar that closes two coffeehouses are opening. While I have identified several reasons for coffee’s recent popularity, in this talk I focus on how government policies meant to bring together divided communities, improve physical health, and curb crime inadvertently encourage the growth of coffeehouses. cleclere@ufl.edu (W-07)​​​​​​​ 

LEE, Amanda, INGRAM, Maia, QUIJADA, Carolina, YUBETA, Andres, CORTEZ, Imelda, LOTHROP, Nate, and BEAMER, Paloma (U Arizona) Who Is Responsible for Chemical Exposure?: Perspectives from Beauty and Auto Shops in South Tucson. Understanding responsibility for worker chemical exposure reduction has important implications for small businesses in South Tucson, a primarily Latinx community facing significant health inequities. In our community-based promotora study, we interviewed twenty beauty and auto shop owners and employees about their perspectives on chemicals and health in the workplace. Participants expressed conflicting ideas about who controls chemical hazards, often shifting responsibility between themselves, upper management, product manufacturers, and federal policymakers. From these interviews, we examine the inclusion and exclusion of low-wage, minority worker health in high-risk industries as part of critical research to emphasize risk accountability beyond individual behaviors. aalee3@email.arizona.edu (S-41)​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 

LEE, Juliet, HERNANDEZ, Jorge, CANO, Juan, BALLASONE, Anna, and ANNECHINO, Rachelle (PIRE) Member Checking for Research Citizen Engagement. How do we as researchers ensure the rights in data of “research citizens”—the individuals and communities who participate in our research programs? We propose that member checking—typically used as a validation method—can help ensure these rights. We consider responses to diverse member check strategies in public health research projects engaging 1) a Tribal nation; 2) cannabis users recruited online; and 3) un- and underinsured Latinxs in recovery. We find that direct dissemination and feedback fora with research citizens resulted in the most active engagement, including participation in interpreting results and translating results into action. jlee@prev.org (W-39)​​​​​​​ 

LEFTOFF, Sondra (JJC CUNY) Did you just plead guilty to assault?: Americanization of Justice on the Navajo Reservation in the Early 20th Century and the Silencing of “Talking out” Problems. In 1885 Congress passed the Major Crimes Act which extended the reach of federal law and adversarial justice to tribal communities where “serious” crimes were concerned. Later “preparation for citizenship” instituted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs included the use of adversarial justice in tribal courts. Through an examination of colonialist court records of Navajos and the uses of Navajo peacemaking in contemporary Navajo justice practices, I examine how contemporary enactments of cultural citizenship through justice practices are embedded in this past. I consider how culturally based justice practices present unique challenges to discussions of citizenship in diverse societies. sleftoff@jjay.cuny.edu (W-122)​​​​​​​ 

LEITER, Sarah (UNM) “We Converted 500 Years Ago”: Religious-Biological Claims to Spanish Citizenship. Between 1481 and 1808, legal policy in Spain and its colonies authorized the expulsion and forced conversion to Catholicism of Jews and Muslims, the prosecution of those who had converted without sufficient sincerity, and the persecution and execution of accused Christian heretics. Over 500 years after the start of the Spanish Inquisition, descendants of exiled Spanish Jews were invited to apply for citizenship in Spain. This paper will explore some of the ideologies of identity and heritage enacted among the hundreds of New Mexicans who chose to apply, many of whom conceived of Spanish citizenship as deeply intertwined with DNA analysis and Jewish ritual practice. leiter@unm.edu (TH-93)​​​​​​​ 

LEPPERT GOMES, Amanda (SIU) Emitting Inequity: Emerging Relationships of Green Neoliberal Development in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This paper examines the varying ways residents of the peri-urban area of Juchitan experience and vocalize an emergent inequity in the face of transnational, green megadevelopment projects implemented in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Analyzing the impacts of historical neoliberal structural reforms on concepts of extraction, development, and community and comparing them to contemporary discourses narrated by residents confronting green megadevelopment projects, this paper attempts to uncover the embedded structural mechanisms within institutionalized practices which (re)emits this emergent trend within the larger negotiation of climate change. It concludes by asking what anthropology has to offer towards mitigating this newfound inequitable emission. amanda.leppert@siu.edu (W-121)

LEVINE, Arielle, POWELL, Farrah, and ORDONEZ-GAUGER, Lucia (SDSU) Using Lessons from the Past to Inform Future Climate Adaptation in California’s Lobster and Squid Fisheries. Climate change will affect fisheries in ways that can be hard to predict. Over time, however, fishermen have constantly adapted to shorter-term and inter-annual climate variation and cycles. Exploring the ways that fishermen have adapted to these shorter-term changes in the past can help inform our understanding of fishermen’s adaptive capacity in the future. Focusing specifically on the squid and lobster fisheries in California, we examine what we have learned from fishermen’s responses to past climate cycles (e.g. El Nino and La Nina events), and explore aspects of the fishery that support or impede future adaptive capacity. alevine@sdsu.edu (F-127)​​​​​​​ 

LINCOLN, Martha (SFSU) The Value of Illness: Affective Economies in Crowdfunding for Cancer. Crowdfunding for medical expenses is an increasingly common strategy pursued by patients facing costly cancer diagnoses. This process requires that individuals represent themselves as the deserving subjects of a moral community, managing not only their presentation of self but also the affective valence of their illness narratives. I argue that this form of “alternative finance” threatens to inscribe increasingly subtle forms of inequity and exclusion. Ethnographic data from interviews with cancer patients suggest how variation in cultural capital, online networks, and the ability to personify legitimate suffering creates inequity in access to both financial resources and critically necessary medical care. (F-132)​​​​​​​ 

LINDSTROM, Andrew (EPA) GenX and Other Poly and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Surface and Drinking Water in North Carolina. The Cape Fear River system is the source of drinking water for more than 300,000 people in North Carolina. The river has received waste discharges from a fluorochemical facility near Fayetteville for nearly 40 years. In 2016 research was published documenting GenX and other PFAS in finished drinking water supplied to the citizens of southeastern North Carolina. More recent work has demonstrated the presence of many of these specific PFAS in the blood of the residents of Wilmington. This presentation summarizes our current understanding of the GenX issue and explores why communities may be vulnerable to this type of contamination. lindstrom.andrew@epa.gov (TH-156)​​​​​​​ 

LINN, Colleen, O’LEARY, Brendan, and AKEMANN, Camille (Wayne State U) Interdisciplinary Urban Sustainability Research: Seeking Comprehensive Knowledge About Groundwater Contamination and Its Effects on Drinking Water Quality in SE Michigan. This paper looks at the processes of doing interdisciplinary research in the Transformative Research in Urban Sustainability Training (T-RUST) program at Wayne State University (Detroit, MI), through an example of how this program is encouraging collaboration across disciplines on relevant social issues. In this project, students from engineering, pharmacology, and anthropology are researching drinking water quality concerns as a result of groundwater contamination in Southeast Michigan. This paper seeks to combine understandings from these three disciplines, including preferential pathway modeling for groundwater, phenotypic and genomic effects of 1,4-dioxane exposure, and conceptualizing groundwater governance from the perspective of both cities and citizens. fz1165@wayne.edu (W-126)​​​​​​​ 

LITKA, Stephanie (U Dayton) Representing Heritage: Negotiating Cultural Citizenship and Indigenous Sovereignty through the Maya Tourist Industry. This paper examines how various stakeholders vie for control over representing the ancient and modern Maya in the tourism industry. These include local Mayan-speaking workers, Mexican nationals, and international businessmen who seek to profit from the global market economy. The power dynamics of ejido towns (based around communal land use) are continuously negotiated as indigenous citizens claim sovereignty over these areas. Further development in the broader region has also increased the number of external parties defending their right to work in them. Issues of cultural, financial, political, and territorial ‘belonging’ arise within the context of global diversity and recognition. slitka1@udayton.edu (W-132)

LITTLE, Peter C. (RIC) E-Waste Justice, Decolonization, and Just Transition Friction in Ghana. Agbogbloshie scrap metal market in Accra, Ghana, has been variously described by journalists and international environmental organizations as “the graveyard of electronics,” “one of the most polluted places on Earth,” and the place where the Global North dumps its’ unwanted computers and other electronic discard. Several creative and optimistic interventions have emerged over the years to fix and mitigate the pollution and environmental health risks to those working in this toxic scrap market. This paper explores how a “just transition” approach to e-waste debates in Ghana calls for deeper political-ecological engagement with critical environmental justice and decoloniality. plittle@ric.edu (TH-13)​​​​​​​ 

LOGAN, Ryan (CSUStan) Community Health Workers, Medical Interpreters, and Scope of Care: Professional [and Cultural] Citizenship of CHWs in the Workforce. Community health workers (CHWs) are a present yet invisible component of the health and social services workforce in the U.S. However, many CHWs lack professional (and, thereby, cultural) citizenship within the health and social services workforce. Instead, many CHWs must find other forms of employment to qualify for cultural citizenship within this workforce. This paper will explore how CHWs in an ongoing study, many of whom found employment as medical interpreters, secured citizenship within the workforce but were subsequently challenged to stay within a specific scope of care – even when possessing the ability to further aid structurally vulnerable. rilogan@csustan.edu (S-61)

LOKER, William and WOLF, Thia (CSU Chico) Applying Anthropology in the Classroom: Communities of Practice and Activity-Based Learning in a Freshman GE Course. This presentation discusses how insights from the learning sciences, including anthropology, are applied to improve student learning. After a discussion of communities of practice and activity-based learning, we present a case study applying these principles in a freshman General Education course blending an introduction to cultural anthropology with freshman composition. We outline teaching practices and data on student learning outcomes. Discussion includes implications for General Education and for better serving the needs of diverse students. wloker@csuchico.edu (TH-44)​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 

LONG, Michael (Baylor U) Weathering Climate Change While Ensuring Livelihood Security in the Context of Tourism Development: A Study of Svan Resilience in Upper Svaneti, Republic of Georgia. Few studies have been conducted in post-Soviet states examining the challenges of perceived risks of climate change relative to livelihood security. The indigenous Svan in northwestern Georgia targeted for tourism development, are challenged by shocks to their traditional subsistence, triggered by the government’s decision to establish Protected Areas for tourism that means partial loss of their territories, and changes in weather and melting of glaciers, both necessitate adjustments in livelihood strategies. This paper discusses Svan responses to policies placing them in increasingly economic and physically vulnerable positions, and their responses to the government’s actions aimed at promoting a viable economy. michael_long@baylor.edu (TH-05)​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 

LONG, Rosie and ZABAWA, Robert (Tuskegee U) The Economic Impact of Heir Property on Forestland in Macon County, Alabama. Heir property is land without a secure title, often due to transfer across generations without benefit of a will.  Heir property is one of the leading causes of African American land loss and decline in wealth. A significant portion of African American owned land is in forestland, much of it owned by out of county/state owners or heirs. Due to limitations placed on heir property for development, it is assessed by local governments at a lower value than titled property. The purpose of this research is to compare forestland, as heir property and titled property, to determine any economic differences. (F-13)

LORENZO, Luis (U Barcelona) Legitimacy in New Mexico’s ‘Hispano’ Identity and Heritage. The ongoing study, researching on the discursive manifestations of Hispanic-rooted identity, in Northern New Mexico, digs into verifying the leveraged reciprocity within the logics of legitimation and authenticity between the discourses of identity and heritage. Ethnohistory context and multi-ethnic structure of New Mexican social fabric lay a complex framework, manifest while blurring the boundaries between identity and heritage discourses. To talk about identity in New Mexico refers to heritage and vice versa. In that context, the work carried out to date unveiled plenty of challenges in discerning the limits and/or the association with practices leading to the construction of identity and heritage. llc2301@mac.com (W-42)​​​​​​​ 

LORUP, Carole and NORRIS, Susan (Immaculata U) Immigrant Women’s Experiences of Childbirth in Their Receiving Country: An Integrative Literature Review. Immigrant women who give birth in their new country of residence often encounter challenges to receiving culturally congruent maternity healthcare. Stressors of loneliness, lack of support, and misunderstanding of health information are barriers to obtaining adequate maternity care that may result in increased risks for maternal and newborn complications. An integrative review of the literature pertaining to immigrant women’s childbirth experiences was conducted. Sixteen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Immigrant women were more likely to report less satisfaction with their childbirth healthcare experiences and faced more obstacles to receiving maternity healthcare compared to non-immigrant women. clorup@immaculata.edu (TH-34)​​​​​​​ 

LOTT, Jessica (NKU) and SULLIVAN, Jennifer (SMU) Wikipedia and Digital Literacy: A Collaborative Approach to Building Cultural Humility. Many educators have recognized the collaborative structure of Wikipedia as having pedagogical value. Over the past two years, the authors have asked undergraduate anthropology students to contribute to a Wikipedia page in lieu of a traditional research paper. We leverage students’ familiarity with Wikipedia as a way for them to do the sometimes uncomfortable work of applying anthropological concepts to global cultures. In the process, students take ownership of their writing and learn about how structural inequalities affect knowledge production. This paper draws from our experience using digital literacy as an avenue for students to develop skills in cultural humility. LottJ1@nku.edu (TH-105)

LOUNSBURY, Mary (Mythos-Sphere) Here We Are. What Can We Do? Historically, myth and ritual have functioned to strengthen cultural cohesion, but globalization places traditional ways in competition with each other. Multiculturalism enriches us, yet challenges our ability to communicate effectively. Can we rise to the challenge?
Cultural understandings are based in metaphor, and metaphor arises out of shared experience, as Lakoff and Johnson have explained. A community “myth-making” experience offers a proactive approach to metaphor construction. A discussion of this creative art-and-story-making process demonstrates how we can build shared understanding from common ground. Larger solutions may arise out of this group practice of awareness. mary@mythos-sphere.com (S-04)​​​​​​​ 

LOWDEN, Sara (U Maine) Agave, Bats and the Borderlands: Representation and Multispecies Imaginaries in Arizona, United States and Sonora, Mexico. This paper examines human-agave-bat relationships in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands and how academic research represents non-human agents. Agave, a culturally significant plant throughout the southwest United States and Mesoamerica, and nectar-feeding bats that migrate from Mexico to Arizona, have co-evolved for several million years. Today, these bats and the flowering agave upon which they feed are threatened by climate change and economic development, notably the increase in production of mescal bacanora, a traditional alcoholic beverage from the Mexican state of Sonora. These reflections from the field explore the need to interrogate our own biases and limitations when writing multispecies ethnographies. sara.lowden@maine.edu (TH-126)

LOY, Christopher (CNU) Industrializing the Oyster: The Cultural Logic of Genetic Manipulation in the Chesapeake Bay. This project looks at how shifting cultural models account for Chesapeake Bay regulators adopting a new stance toward natural resource management that allows industry interests to redefine what counts as a natural resource. The Chesapeake Bay oyster, once a natural resource harvested by watermen (independent fishers) is increasingly replaced by genetically manipulated, lab-grown oysters brought to market by the aquaculture industry. I argue that the industrialization of the Chesapeake Bay oyster is based on a cultural model of resource management that has migrated from ecosystem stewardship, to selective management, to incremental privatization of the public fishery. This has far-reaching consequences for bayside watermen communities. christopher.loy@cnu.edu (W-67)​​​​​​​ 

LOZA, Steven (UCLA) The Cultural Crisis in Higher Education. Questions of the relationship between cultural standards and the requirements to attain a degree remain puzzling. SAT scores, GPAs, and economic privilege play pivotal roles in admissions. Many still fear major change in cultural standards of knowledge and learning. In my area of music, I have learned that talent does not discriminate musical forms – one can be a virtuoso in mariachi, symphonic music, or hip hop – they are all valid, but are not all academic standards. sloza@ucla.edu (S-45)​​​​​​​ 

LUBIT, Amanda (Queen’s U Belfast) The Politics of (In)Visibility in the Everyday Movements of Muslim Women in Sectarian Belfast. Through walking ethnography, I examine the ways Muslim women in Belfast employ walking as a political act. By engaging in and avoiding certain forms of walking, as individuals or groups, women make themselves visible and invisible. Visibility is of particular relevance to Muslim women who are disproportionately targets of Islamophobia due to clothing that marks them as Muslim. Islamophobia has become a serious issue here, corresponding with growth in the Muslim population. Newly arrived refugees and asylum seekers are often unaware of the complex local context, with sectarianism structuring lives and public spaces despite 20 years of peace. alubit01@qub.ac.uk (TH-153)

LUCHMUN, Rachel (ASU) Small but Mighty: Mauritian Cultural Citizenship in Toronto. Mauritius is an African island in the Indian Ocean, a product of European colonization. Since around independence in the 1960s, Mauritians have emigrated to countries such as England, France, Australia and Canada in search of better economic opportunities, creating a small but vibrant Mauritian community. In this paper, I investigate how first-generation Mauritian immigrants to Canada claim cultural citizenship within the city of Toronto, navigating their multiple identities in the process. My findings provide insight into the ways that small immigrant communities demand recognition from the authorities in the receiving country. rluchmun@asu.edu (TH-02)​​​​​​​ 

LUQUE, John, OKERE, Arinze, WILLIAMS, Paula, and TURNER JR., Reginald (FAMU) Patient Perspectives on Medical Marijuana Use in the Florida Panhandle. Medical marijuana has been legal in Florida since 2017. Studies have documented decreased use of pain medications upon initiation of medical marijuana use. This pilot study explored patients’ perceived therapeutic benefits through surveys and interviews. Preliminary survey results indicated over 80% of patients reported “great relief” for their health condition, and over 70% reported a score of eight or higher on a 10-point scale that medical marijuana had reduced their pain. Open-ended survey responses suggested patients had substituted marijuana for pharmaceutical drugs, resulting in improvements in quality of life and symptoms, and fewer side effects from not taking pain medications. john.luque@famu.edu (W-41)​​​​​​​ 

LYON, Stephen (Aga Khan U) Navigating Cultural Politics in Modern Pakistan. Using anthropological knowledge to influence state policy and action requires some level of transformation of the way data are presented and explained, but it also demands a robust understanding of how decisions are made within state institutions. This is not simply a matter of charting the formal organigram of an organization, but includes a fine grained analysis of the cultural relationships and beliefs that inform the implementation of organizational procedures and bureaucracies. In this paper, I present data on some aspects of Punjabi culture that shape the practices and decisions of Pakistani state officials. stephen.lyon@aku.edu (S-09)